1 & lkfo=h efUnj & czg~ek.kh dk lqnwj vf/kokl
:"V lkfo=h ¼ljLorh½ us vius fy, LFkku Hkh pquk rks ,slk fd o`) firkeg czg~ek ljyr;k mu rd u igqWaps A os nwj Hkh jgs vkSj lcdks ns[krh Hkh jgsa A oSls dFkk,Wa pkgs tks gks] nqfu;k ds nsoh eafnj izk;% loZ= f'k[kjksa ij gh gSa A ;gkWa ls ,d vksj iq"dj] rks nwljh vksj vtesj dk Hkh fogaxe n`'; miyC/k gS A ;ksa esyk rks uhps e:|ku esa yxrk gS] fdUrq mldk foLr`r fogaxkoyksdu ;gkWa ls fd;k tk ldrk gS A dgrs Hkh gSa & **esys dk lkSan;Z ns[kuk gks] rks mls Hkhrj ls gh ugha] mij ls Hkh ns[kks A **
;gkWa Hkh vkLFkk rks iqjkuh gS ysfdu efUnj iqjkuk ugha gS A lkfo=h nsoh dh ewfrZ rks lkroha lnh dh crkbZ tkrh gS] ysfdu efUnj dk fuek.kZ gkWy esa gh chloha lnh ds mRrjk/kZ esa lsB ckWaxM }kjk cuok;k x;k gS A ekU;rk gS fd nsoh dks flUnwj p<kus ls fL=;ksa dk lkSHkkX; v[kafMr jgrk gS A
;gkWa Hkh vkLFkk rks iqjkuh gS ysfdu efUnj iqjkuk ugha gS A lkfo=h nsoh dh ewfrZ rks lkroha lnh dh crkbZ tkrh gS] ysfdu efUnj dk fuek.kZ gkWy esa gh chloha lnh ds mRrjk/kZ esa lsB ckWaxM }kjk cuok;k x;k gS A ekU;rk gS fd nsoh dks flUnwj p<kus ls fL=;ksa dk lkSHkkX; v[kafMr jgrk gS A
2 & xk;=h efUnj eU=kf/k"Bk=h }kjk fo/kk dh nsoh dh T;s"Brk o Js"Brk dk lEeku
fdaonUrh gS fd czg~ek dh uoks<k iRuh xk;=h us ;gh rikslk/kuk dj lkfo=h ds 'kki ls eqfDr ikbZ Fkh A dgrs gSa lkfo=h nsoh us bl 'krZ ij gh viuk eku NksMk Fkk fd fdlh Hkh deZdk.M vkSj iwtu esa mudk LFkku xk;=h ls igys gksxk A NUne; vkSj eU=:i xk;=h us fo|ke; vksj ok.kh :i lkfo=h dk leqfpr lEeku djrs gq, bls lg"kZ Lohdkj fd;k A vkt Hkh lkfo=h efUnj esa vkjrh ds mijkUr gh xk;=h efUnj esa vkjrh dk izkjEHk gksrk gS A bl izdkj eU=ksa o NUnksa esa loZJs"Brk izkIr xk;=h us ;gkWa viuh fouezrk ds cy ij egRrk izkIr dh A
vkt xk;=h nsoh dk efUnj czg~ek eafnj ds ckbZ vkSj mRrj fn'kk esa ,d NksVh igkMh ij fLFkr gS A
vkt xk;=h nsoh dk efUnj czg~ek eafnj ds ckbZ vkSj mRrj fn'kk esa ,d NksVh igkMh ij fLFkr gS A
3 & Jh jaxth eafnj ¼iqjkuk½ if'pe esa mRrj vkSj nf{k.k dk leUo;
f=nsoks
esa czg~ek ds mijkUr fo".kq dk LFkku vkrk gS A Jh jaxth fo".kq ds gh :Ik gS A
lu~ 1823 esa gsnjkckn ds lsB iwj.key xusjhoky }kjk eafnj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k Aeafnj eq[;r% nzfoM 'kSyh dk gS fdUrq bles jktiwr
vkSj eqxy 'kSyh dk Hkh leUo; gS A eafnj ds eaMie~] xksiqje~ rFkk f'k[kj vR;ar euksgj gS A
4 & Jh jaxth eafnj ¼u;k½ ¼jek oSdq.B eafnj½ jekifr dk euksje nzfoM :Ik
;g eafnj iw.kZr;k
nzfoM 'kSyh dk gS A bldk fuekZ.k chloha lnh ds iwok}Z esa ukxkSj ds lsB eaxuhjke jkedqekj
ckaxM }kjk dj;k x;k A ewfrZ;ksa ls lqlfTtr ifjkfeMkdkj f'k[kj] oxkZdkj foeku rFkk Lo.kZ e;
LrEHk bldh 'kksHkk dks HkO;rk iznku djrs gS A eafnj ls layXu eB] ikB'kkyk vkSj eafnj blds
okrkoj.k dks fo'ks"k /kkfeZd Lo:I iznku djrs gS A
5 & vkRers'oj egknso efUnj & iq"dj esa dSyk'kifr dk vkxeu
bl efUnj dk bfrgkl Hkh czg~ek efUnj ds ;K ds vk[;ku ls tqMk gS Alk{kkr~ fof/k vFkkZr czg~ek us vius ;K dk eqgwrZ
gh tkus dSls fudkyk Fkk fd ck/kk,Wa fo?u vkrs gh jgs AvHkh ;KkjEHk gqvk gh Fkk fd ,d uXu dkikfyd lU;klh us vkRer~&vkRer~ dh vkokt
djrs gq, vkdj ;K'kkyk esa ujeqM QSad fn;k AmifLFkr
_fRotksa us eq.M dks gVk;k rks ogkWa iqu% nks eq.M izdV gks x;s Aeq.M gVrs jgs vkSj iqu% f}xqf.kr gksdj c<rs Hkh
jgs AfQj iqjksfgrksa us irk fd;k rks irk pyk
fd vo/kwr dkikfyd vkSj dksbZ ugha Lo;a Hkxoku f'ko gSa] tks ;K esa viuk Hkkx u ikus ls
:"V gks x;s Fks A[kSj !vUrr% czg~ekfn nsoksa _f"k;ksa vkfn lHkh us
{kek;kpuk dh rc tkdj egkdky izlUu gq, A;g
efUnj mUgsa gh izfrf"Br djus ds fy, fufeZr gqvk gS AmDr jkspd dFkk 'kSo
lEiznk; ds v}Sr osnkUr lEiznk; ls lEesy dk ,d lqUnj :id izLrqr djrh gS Avkf[kj ;gkWa dSyk'k ugha] rks D;k] ukx ioZr rks gS
AvkSj tgkWa ukx gksa ogkWa muds Lokeh u jgsa
,slk dSls laHko gS AoSsls Hkh ;g {ks= cgqr
le; rd r{kd tkfr ds v/khu jgk gS A
yksdHkk"kk esa bl vVesV'oj ;k vViVs'oj eafnj Hkh dgrs gS A laHkor% f'ko ds bl vViVs :Ik ds dkj.k bls vViVs'oj uke ns fn;k x;k A bldk fuekZ.k 1816 esa ejkBk lqosnkj xqeku thjko us fd;k Fkk A
yksdHkk"kk esa bl vVesV'oj ;k vViVs'oj eafnj Hkh dgrs gS A laHkor% f'ko ds bl vViVs :Ik ds dkj.k bls vViVs'oj uke ns fn;k x;k A bldk fuekZ.k 1816 esa ejkBk lqosnkj xqeku thjko us fd;k Fkk A
6 & vtksxa/k egknso eafnj] ,d lkS vkB egknso efUnj]ddMs'oj& edMs'oj eafnj o cStukFk eafnj]
tc fgef'k[kj ij okl djus
okys f'ko dh bl e:izns'k esa Hkh izfr"Bk gks xbZ] rks fQj f'ko ds iwtdksa &
vpZdksa dh ijEijk d Hkh lcy gks xbZ A,d
f'koHkDr lsukifr t; vIik us J)kiwoZd 100 T;ksfrfyZxksa&span>okys eafnj dk fuekZ.k lu~&1756 esa fd;k Fkk Apan>eafnj e/;dkyhu f'kYi] lkSUn;Z vkSj J)k ds dkj.k egRoiw.kZ gS AddMs'oj edMs'oj f'ko ds ;qxy ,oa ik'oZ fLFkr
eafnj gS A cStukFk eafnj vk;qosZn ds izFke izorZd Hkxoku f'ko dk oS|ukFk ds :I esa Lej.k
djkrk gS A vtksxa/k egknso eafnj dh dFkk gS fd ;gka Hkxoku f'ko us vt ¼cdjk½ dk :Ik
/kkj.k dj ok"dfy uked jk{kl dh gR;k dh Fkh A vt czg~ek dks Hkh dgrs gS A
vk'kqrks"k Lo;a vt cu tk;sa] dqN vk'p;Z tud rks /kfVr gksxk gh A
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